On Vijay Diwas, which is observed on July 26 every year, because on this day Indian Army have recaptured all the Indian posts in Kargil that had been occupied by Pakistan's army. glowing tributes are rightly paid to the soldiers who laid down their lives to ensure India’s victory in the historic Kargil War. But the nation also witnesses another drama of a different kind.
REASON BEHIND KARGIL WAR :-
The genesis of the War can be traced back to 0ctober 261947, when Maharaja Hari Singh , the ruler of then undivided J and k constituency , executed the instrument of accession under the independence act 1947 , agreeing to accede to the dominion of india ( note-j and k includes the whole which include Pakistan occupied kashmir also) , ladakh and pla form the time of acession india have to compel in some or other military opreation against pak army over two decade 1948, 1965 , 1971
so it all happend after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, there had been a long period with relatively few direct armed conflicts involving the military forces of the two neighbours—notwithstanding the efforts of both nations to control the Siachen Glacier by establishing military outposts on the surrounding mountains ridges and the resulting military skirmishes in the 1980s. During the 1990s, however, escalating tensions and conflict due to separatist activities in Kashmir, some of which were supported by Pakistan, as well as the conducting of nuclear tests by both countries in 1998, led to an increasingly belligerent atmosphere. In an attempt to defuse the situation, both countries signed the Lahore Declaration in February 1999, promising to provide a peaceful and bilateral solution to the Kashmir conflict.
During the winter of 1998–1999, some elements of the Pakistani Armed Forces were covertly training and sending Pakistani troops and paramilitary forces, some allegedly in the guise of mujahideen, into territory on the Indian side of the LOC. The infiltration was codenamed "Operation Badr"its aim was to sever the link between Kashmir and Ladakh, and cause Indian forces to withdraw from the Siachen Glacier, thus forcing India to negotiate a settlement of the broader Kashmir dispute. Pakistan also believed that any tension in the region would internationalise the Kashmir issue, helping it to secure a speedy resolution. Yet another goal may have been to boost the morale of the decade-long rebellion in Jammu and Kashmir by taking a proactive role.
Pakistani Lieutenant General Shahid Aziz, and then head of ISI analysis wing, has confirmed there were no mujahideen but only regular Pakistan Army soldiers who took part in the Kargil War."There were no Mujahideen, only taped wireless messages, which fooled no one. Our soldiers were made to occupy barren ridges, with hand held weapons and ammunition", Lt Gen Aziz wrote in his article in The Nation daily in January 2013.
Some writers have speculated that the operation's objective may also have been retaliation for India's Operation Meghdoot in 1984 that seized much of Siachen Glacier.
According to India's then army chief Ved Prakash Malik, and many scholars,much of the background planning, including construction of logistical supply routes, had been undertaken much earlier. On several occasions during the 1980s and 1990s, the army had given Pakistani leaders (Zia ul Haq and Benazir Bhutto) similar proposals for infiltration into the Kargil region, but the plans had been shelved for fear of drawing the nations into all-out war.
Some analysts believe that the blueprint of attack was reactivated soon after Pervez Musharraf was appointed chief of army staff in October 1998.After the war, Nawaz Sharif, Prime Minister of Pakistan during the Kargil conflict, claimed that he was unaware of the plans, and that he first learned about the situation when he received an urgent phone call from Atal Bihari Vajpayee, his counterpart in IndiaSharif attributed the plan to Musharraf and "just two or three of his cronies"a view shared by some Pakistani writers who have stated that only four generals, including Musharraf, knew of the plan. Musharraf, however, asserted that Sharif had been briefed on the Kargil operation 15 days ahead of Vajpayee's journey to Lahore on 20 February
According to me reason behind kargil war is Opreation Meghdoot
Opreation Meghdoot
India took control of what is known as the highest battlefield in the world: the Siachen Glacier. We preempted Pakistan and occupied the glacier on April 13, 1984, following Operation Meghdoot. So it all happend when Raw in 1984 gave information to indian authority that pakistan was planning to take siachin glacier which was not guarded by anyone at that time timely action by indian army made sure , India reached the first nad defended it form the attack of pakistan . Pakistan didn't esclate it into a full scale but continue to claim that siachin belong to pakistan . in response to the opreation meghdoot Pakistani army chief Pervez Musharraf who headed the 1984 Siachen Opreation vowed to occupy Kargil we can say that kargil war of 1999 was brought about a personal ambition of Gen Musharraf
American angle in kargil war
At that time vajpayee government was against FDI (foreign direct investment) in india and foreign companies wanted to kick out government from power so that they could take full control over india's economy for their own good so they played this conspiracy against india they somehow shutdown the isro satellite which was on surveillance on kargil and nearby region (this is where corruption got into play) and then they approached pakistan, trust me pakistan wasn't in the state of a war they never wanted a war but america puts pressure on pakistan as they had much greater control over pakistan's economy. so Pakistan had no choice. america supplied the technology and all the necessary stuff through NATO countries to Pakistan as they didn't want to come in spotlight
and Pakistan started war and succeeded in putting pressure on Indian government to agree with all America's demands and that's exactly happened then america stopped supplying weapons to Pakistan and gave india laser guided missile through france to stop the war.
so in this way neither Pakistan won the war nor India
and hence Americans won
Planning by Pakistan :-
the armed conflict began India and Pakistan in kargil and along with the loc just few months ago when Indian pm A.B vajpayee and Pakistani pm Nawaz sharif signed a LAHORE DECLARATION IN 1999 the february confrence was aimed to deesclating the tension that had exsisted since 1998 over kashmir issue but the issue futhure flared up as kargil war
In the year 1999 chief of Pakistan army P. Musharraf create a plan regarding the kargil operation. The three other people's who also play very important role in drafting of this plan are Chief of general staff(Aziz), General Mahmood and Brigedier Jabed hasan. The group of these four people are also knowan as gang of four.
Musharaf meet with prime minister Nawaj Sharif and told about their plan but Musharaf do not told about actual planing they simply talk about there is a plan to captured kargil peak , we will use muzahidin for this work and there is no involvement of Pakistani army but actual truth is different they send Pakistani soldier. They dress up like muzahidin to confuse Indian army.
In January 1999 they send 200 special trained camando to kargil peak after two month in March 1999 Pakistani forces reached on kargil peak. They were shocked to see all the peak is vacant and no Indian troop is their. So they move forward and captured 140+ peaks . at that time India was unaware with the situations and do not know who are these people.
After two months later in may 1999 India know these people are not mujahedin they are Pakistani soldiers. Indian intelligence agencies gather some radio conversation in which people are speaking pasto so they find out that they are not muzahidin. Also at that time Musharaf present in China they call mister Aziz who is the chief of general staff the phone call conversation is tapped and leaked . now India and world know the truth about the operation.
29 may 1999 India release a press report and said they are pakistani soldiers not muzahidin . Now it's time to India to retaliate the situation India send its massive forces , they used Air force extensively . some sources said that India bring 2 lakh soldiers in the kargil war . India begen air stike with Mig and miraj they also used Baforce to destroy enemy massively , Pakistan never estimated that the Indian army respond with such a big strike. Pakistani forces faced lots of problems during war because they do not have food , Logistics's support supply line , many soldiers were killed and high casuallity of the army and international pressure prevent Pakistan to come back in this game . pakistani prime minister Nawaj Sharif went to US and meet with Clinton US President for help but Clinton clearly said that withdraw your soldiers from the kargil without any condition
How had pakistan entered :-
Before the 1999 Kargil War between India and Pakistan began, there was only one brigade of the Indian Army, comprising three units with about 2,500 soldiers, guarding 300 km of Indian territory, along the Line of Control (LoC) between Zojila and Leh. It meant that one unit was responsible for close to 100 km of territory, a task which was next to impossible. These sectors are the crucial backbone for the logistics requirements of the army from Zojila to the world’s highest army deployment, siachien more units were required but the unit were never felt
Indian post along Loc were vacated before winter the Pakistanis also did the same thing of their side of loc there were understanding form the two side due to inhospitable leaving condition at the post of 14,000to 18,000 height with heavy winter cutting off form the rest of the world but the pakistanis army took advantage of these short-commings especially in the winter and intruded in the Mushkoh , Dras , Kargil , Batalik and Turtuk sub sector between Zojila and leh and was codenamed Opreation Badar They crossed 4-10 km of loc and intruded 130 winter vacated indian post Pakistani wanted to cut the highway connecting Srinagar and leh in brief disconnecting India and ladakh and wanted india to negotiate and settle for kashmir dispute a move which india never expected .
Pakisani army blame the attack on kashmir insurgents but the documentary proved that pakistani army was directly involved in this attack there were many locals, including porters, said that they came across equipment left by the Pak soldiers. there was a statement made by local porter who has said that he found a cigrraet packet which he has given to indian army
“I found their cigarette packets, which I then showed to the army,” said 47-year-old Ismail who worked as an army porter in Mushkoh during the war.
he also said that “Some magazines were also found at some of the posts. Militants do not read magazines, only officers do,” said another local, who didn’t want to be identified.
SERIES OF INCIDENT
The first pak action took place when indian army soldier Captain Saurab kalia and five other soldier were in patrol at bajrang post near dras , they got into fire fight before falling out of ammunition kalia and other soldier were captured by pakistani troop tortured and killed .
meanwhile there were many information started tickling the locals about the Pakistani intrusion md yusuf khan an ex service man of indian army says in an tv interview that , In may 1999 his children spotted the pak troop climbing up to toloing while they were out grazing cattle
yusuf recalls " my children came across 10 Pakistani soldiers. These soldiers ordered them to leave their cattle and go away. But they ran down to our village. They told me about what happened. I told them that Indian soldiers don’t patrol that particular area,” he said. Yusuf went to the spot and saw a few Pakistani soldiers going to Bhimbat. He reported this to an army officer. A few days later, Yusuf, went with another army officer to the site. While the two waited near a nallah, they spotted Pakistani soldiers walking towards bhimat for tooling ..
The three phases of the Kargil War was
1. infiltration by Pakistan so as to occupy strategic locations to bring NH1 within its control.
2. In the second phase, India was seen identifying the infiltration and responding to it while 3. third phase saw major battles between Indian and Pakistani forces.
Due to the inhospitable conditions in the area, which has mountains up to 18,000 feet high with harsh wind and -60 degrees Celsius temperatures in winter, it was part of a "gentleman's agreement" that the armies of India and Pakistan will not occupy posts from 15 September to 15 April each year. But Pakistan breached the trust to gain an upper hand in the Kashmir conflict. Pakistan infiltrated into the Mushkoh Valley, the Marpo La ridgeline in Dras, in Kaksar near Kargil, in Batalik sector, in Chorbatla sector and in Siachen's Turtok sector over a period of several months. In early May, an Indian patrol team acted on a tip-off by a local shepherd in the Batalik sector, and led to the infiltration being exposed.
Indian territory recovery
One of the major Indian operations was the recapture of Tiger Hill. Shown here is the Kargil-Drass region. The highlighted area marks Tiger Hill.
Once India regained control of the hills overlooking NH 1A, the Indian Army turned to driving the invading force back across the Line of Control, but elected not to pursue forces further into the Pakistani-controlled portion of Kashmir. The Battle of Tololing, among other assaults, slowly tilted the combat in India's favour. Nevertheless, some of the posts put up a stiff resistance, including Tiger Hill (Point 5140) that fell only later in the war. A few of the assaults occurred atop hitherto unheard of peaks – most of them unnamed with only Point numbers to differentiate them – which witnessed fierce hand to hand combat. As the operation was fully underway, about 250 artillery guns were brought in to clear the infiltrators in the posts that were in the line of sight. The Bofors field howitzer (infamous in India due to the Bofors scandal) played a vital role, with Indian gunners making maximum use of the terrain that assisted such an attack. However, its success was limited elsewhere due to the lack of space and depth to deploy the Bofors gun. It was in this type of terrain that aerial attacks were introduced. The Indian Air Force launched Operation Safed Sagar but was limited by the high altitude, which in turn limited bomb loads and the number of airstrips that could be used. The IAF lost a MiG-27 strike aircraft due to an engine failure as well as a MiG-21 fighter which was shot down by Pakistan; Pakistan said it shot down both jets after they crossed into its territory and one Mi-8 helicopter to Stinger SAMs. During attacks the IAF used laser-guided bombs to destroy well-entrenched positions of the Pakistani forces. It is estimated that in the war, nearly 700 intruders were killed by air action alone.
In some vital points, neither artillery nor air power could dislodge the outposts manned by the Pakistan soldiers, who were out of visible range. The Indian Army mounted some direct frontal ground assaults which were slow and took a heavy toll given the steep ascent that had to be made on peaks as high as 18,000 feet (5,500 m). Since any daylight attack would be suicidal, all the advances had to be made under the cover of darkness, escalating the risk of freezing. Accounting for the wind chill factor, the temperatures were often as low as −11 °C to −15 °C (12 °F to 5 °F) near the mountain tops. Based on military tactics, much of the costly frontal assaults by the Indians could have been avoided if the Indian Military had chosen to blockade the supply route of the opposing force, virtually creating a siege. Such a move would have involved the Indian troops crossing the LoC as well as initiating aerial attacks on Pakistan soil, a manoeuvre India was not willing to exercise fearing an expansion of the theatre of war and reducing international support for its cause.
Meanwhile, the Indian Navy also readied itself for an attempted blockade of Pakistani ports (primarily Karachi port) to cut off supply routes. Later, the then- Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif disclosed that Pakistan was left with just six days of fuel to sustain itself if a full-fledged war had broken out. As Pakistan found itself entwined in a prickly position, the army had covertly planned a nuclear strike on India, the news of which alarmed U.S. President Bill Clinton, resulting in a stern warning to Nawaz Sharif. Two months into the conflict, Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges they had lost; according to official count, an estimated 75%–80% of the intruded area and nearly all high ground was back under Indian control.
Following the Washington accord on July 4, where Sharif agreed to withdraw the Pakistan-backed troops, most of the fighting came to a gradual halt. In spite of this, some of the militants still holed up did not wish to retreat, and the United Jihad Council (an umbrella for all extremist groups) rejected Pakistan's plan for a climb-down, instead deciding to fight on. Following this, the Indian army launched its final attacks in the last week of July; as soon as the last of these Jihadists in the Drass subsector had been cleared, the fighting ceased on July 26. The day has since been marked as Kargil Vijay Diwas (Victory Day) in India. By the end of the war, India had resumed control of all territory south and east of the Line of Control, as was established in July 1972 as per the Shimla Accord.
Naval action
The Indian Navy also prepared to blockade the Pakistani ports (primarily the Karachi port) to cut off supply routes under Operation Talwar. The Indian Navy's western and eastern fleets joined in the North Arabian Sea and began aggressive patrols and threatened to cut Pakistan's sea trade. This exploited Pakistan's dependence on sea-based oil and trade flows. later, then–Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif disclosed that Pakistan was left with just six days of fuel to sustain itself if a full-scale war had broken out.
Kargil War Memorial, India
The main entrance of Kargil War Memorial by the Indian Army at Dras, India
The Kargil War memorial, built by the Indian Army, is located in Dras, in the foothills of the Tololing Hill. The memorial, located about 5 km from the city centre across the Tiger Hill, commemorates the martyrs of the Kargil War. A poem "Pushp Kii Abhilasha"(Wish of a Flower) by Makhanlal Chaturvedi, a renowned 20th century neo-romantic Hindi poet, is inscribed on the gateway of the memorial greets visitors. The names of the soldiers who lost their lives in the War are inscribed on the Memorial Wall and can be read by visitors. A museum attached to the Kargil War Memorial, which was established to celebrate the victory of Operation Vijay, houses pictures of Indian soldiers, archives of important war documents and recordings, Pakistani war equipments and gear, and official emblems of the Army from the Kargil war.
A giant national flag, weighing 15 kg was hoisted at the Kargil war memorial on Kargil Vijay Diwas to commemorate the 13th anniversary of India's victory in the war.
Casualties
Pakistan army losses have been difficult to determine. Pakistan confirmed that 453 soldiers were killed. The US Department of State had made an early, partial estimate of close to 700 fatalities. According to numbers stated by Nawaz Sharif there were over 4,000 fatalities. His PML (N) party in its "white paper" on the war mentioned that more than 3,000 Mujahideens, officers and soldiers were killed Another major Pakistani political party, the Pakistan Peoples Party, also says that "thousands" of soldiers and irregulars died. Indian estimates stand at 1,042 Pakistani soldiers killed Musharraf, in his Hindi version of his memoirs, titled "Agnipath", differs from all the estimates stating that 357 troops were killed with a further 665 wounded.Apart from General Musharraf's figure on the number of Pakistanis wounded, the number of people injured in the Pakistan camp is not yet fully known although they are at least more than 400 according to Pakistan army's website.[ One Indian pilot was officially captured during the fighting, while there were eight Pakistani soldiers who were captured during the fighting, and were repatriated on 13 August 1999.] India gave its official casualty figures as 527 dead and 1,363 wounded.
Short answer is, Kargil's outcome was favourable to india.
Before we start, lets define what india, Pakistan considered as win. For Pakistan : For Pakistan win would have been if there army had stayed on top of hills overseeing the National highway and would have retained the heights till international community pressurise both countries to reach a cease fire, like it happened in 1947 war.
For India: It is hard to define win for india. India was interested in sending back the intruders, and a section was also interested in teaching Pakistan a lesson by capturing their territory and declaring war.
Results of Kargil war:
Whole world acknowledged that pakistan is behind the disturbance in kashmir : Pakistani army at first maintained that the kargil conflict has no pakistani involvement and is just caused by Mujahideen groups from kashmir. But over time, many pakistani soldiers were captured by indian army also a tape of phone call was released by india between musharraf who was in beijing at that time and his close associate Lt Gen Mohammad Aziz Khan which strengthened india's claim that pakistan is directly involved in the kargil conflict (Excerpts of the conversation between Gen Musharraf and Lt Gen Aziz). Whole world officially acknowledged the claim of india that pakistan is behind the disturbance in kashmir.
Space for limited war under nuclear umbrella: After both india and pakistan done nuclear tests in 1998, it was asserted that there will be no more wars between india and pakistan because if there is one, then it will result in a nuclear war. Kargil war is a case where there was a war between india and pakistan, without the use of nuclear weapons. Since then indian army has used kargil as its use case to drive that there could is a space for war between india and pakistan without full out nuclear war. Its goes against pakistan because indian defence forces are far ahead of pakistan in terms of force.
Humiliation of pakistan on International Space : In the final days of kargil conflict. when India was moving ahead and has nearly conquered all the post occupied by pakistani army, Nawaz Sharif was afraid that india might attack pakistan. This lead for Nawaz sharif to rush washington to de-escalate the conflict, but President Clinton refused to intervene until Pakistan had removed all forces from the Indian side of the Line of Control(Pakistan 'prepared nuclear strike'). Finally pakistan agreed to remove all its forces from the indian side of line of control and signed washington accord on July 4 1999. This caused a greater humiliation to pakistan, who till now as not even ready to accept that they had forces on indian side of Line of control.
Military rule in pakistan : Kargil war the biggest reason that General Musharraf took over as pakistan's military ruler in the aftermath of Kargil war. While Nawaz Sharif (Prime Minister of Pakistan at that time) considered the Musharraf responsible for the kargil conflict and humiliation of Nawaz sharif, at the same time Musharraf was of the opinion that Nawaz Sharif was too weak to handle the war and he surrendered in front of Bill clinton in washington.
World opinion
Pakistan was criticised by other countries for instigating the war, as its paramilitary forces and insurgents crossed the Line of Control. Pakistan's primary diplomatic response, one of plausible deniability linking the incursion to what it officially termed as "Kashmiri freedom fighters", was in the end not successful. Veteran analysts argued that the battle was fought at heights where only seasoned troops could survive, so poorly equipped "freedom fighters" would neither have the ability nor the wherewithal to seize land and defend it. Moreover, while the army had initially denied the involvement of its troops in the intrusion, two soldiers were awarded the Nishan-E-Haider (Pakistan's highest military honour). Another 90 soldiers were also given gallantry awards, most of them posthumously, confirming Pakistan's role in the episode. India also released taped phone conversations between the Army Chief and a senior Pakistani general where the latter is recorded saying: "the scruff of [the militants] necks is in our hands", although Pakistan dismissed it as a "total fabrication". Concurrently, Pakistan made several contradicting statements, confirming its role in Kargil, when it defended the incursions saying that the LOC itself was disputed. Pakistan also attempted to internationalise the Kashmir issue, by linking the crisis in Kargil to the larger Kashmir conflict but, such a diplomatic stance found few backers on the world stage.
As the Indian counter-attacks picked up momentum, Pakistani prime minister Nawaz Sharif flew to meet US President Bill Clinton on 4 July to obtain support from the United States. Clinton rebuked Sharif, however, and asked him to use his contacts to rein in the militants and withdraw Pakistani soldiers from Indian territory. Clinton would later reveal in his autobiography that "Sharif's moves were perplexing" since the Indian Prime Minister had travelled to Lahore to promote bilateral talks aimed at resolving the Kashmir problem and "by crossing the Line of Control, Pakistan had wrecked the [bilateral] talks". On the other hand, he applauded Indian restraint for not crossing the LoC and escalating the conflict into an all-out war.
G8 nations supported India and condemned the Pakistani violation of the LOC at the Cologne summit. The European Union also opposed Pakistan's violation of the LOC. China, a long-time ally of Pakistan, insisted on a pullout of forces to the pre-conflict positions along the LOC and settling border issues peacefully. Other organisations like the ASEAN Regional Forum too supported India's stand on the inviolability of the LOC.
Faced with growing international pressure, Sharif managed to pull back the remaining soldiers from Indian territory. The joint statement issued by Clinton and Sharif conveyed the need to respect the Line of Control and resume bilateral talks as the best forum to resolve all disputes.
Failure Of Raw In Kargil War
Yes it was the greatest Intelligence failure till the date,It was a poor shepherd who was first to inform the Army about Pakistani intrusion in Kargil in 1999 .The Mighty Indian army was surprised as they did not know about the presence of intruders in Kargil and till late as mid-May they didn't know of their identity, dispositions and actual numbers inside the Indian territory. 'There is a sharp military asymmetry between India and Pakistan,' the Military researchers say. 'Pakistan, which is the weaker power in this equation, naturally finds surprise an attractive option. But because achieving surprise is a risky proposition and because it allows the weaker party to consider initiatives and outcomes that otherwise are beyond its capabilities, the victim of surprise (in this case India) often dismisses potential surprise scenarios as improbable.' 'The sovereign ran the state from a palace/fort, which formed the center of power. The sovereign collected information about the affairs of the state outside the palace through their agents. Inside the palace the information collection invariably used to be done by eunuchs. 'These palace spies drew strength from their proximity to the sovereign, and wielded considerable influence without accountability. India's contemporary domestic intelligence agencies have inherited traits of these palace informers, such as: always maintaining an aura of secrecy and elitism, keeping the ruling political establishment and bureaucracy in good humor, and always ready to explain a failure on external as well as on internal fronts.' At the heart of the intelligence problem in India are the limits of human cognition that constrain the ability of intelligence people to anticipate the unexpected or novel, especially if the future fails to match their existing analytical concepts, beliefs or assumptions.' Four glaring weaknesses in the Indian intelligence apparatus are: 'Lack of control: The Indian situation is characteristic of a highly bureaucratized and politicized outside control and a loose, largely undefined set of rules governing the inner functioning of intelligence agencies. There is no legal, constitutional or legislative control of intelligence in India. 'Lack of coordination: Indian intelligence agencies are known to be working at cross-purposes, without any visible lack of coordination.' 'Lack of transparency: No political party has ever shown inclination to make intelligence agencies transparent or accountable to the executive as well as the taxpayers through Parliament. 'Functional incoherence: The Indian army has increasingly got sucked into roles such as maintenance of internal security, anti-terrorism and counterinsurgency and even maintenance of law and order.'
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